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AM HIS 2 Final

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

1. 

Following the development of the Bessemer process, the cities of Gary, Indiana; Cleveland, Ohio; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, became centers for
a.
oil refining.
c.
steel manufacturing.
b.
coal production.
d.
the car industry.
 

2. 

The first successful oil well was drilled in
a.
Menlo Park, New Jersey.
c.
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
b.
Gary, Indiana.
d.
Titusville, Pennsylvania.
 

3. 

Prior to the Civil War, railroads in the United States averaged about
a.
10 miles in length.
c.
1,000 miles in length.
b.
100 miles in length.
d.
4,500 miles in length.
 

4. 

The adoption of a standard gauge for railway tracks improved rail transportation by
a.
making it unnecessary for passengers and freight to be transferred from train to train each time they reached a different line.
b.
enabling trains to travel at faster speeds.
c.
enabling trains to carry larger loads.
d.
reducing the number of feeder lines necessary to reach towns located off the trunk lines.
 

5. 

Development of a practical automobile was speeded along by innovations in
a.
compressed-air brakes.
c.
oil refining.
b.
steam power.
d.
electricity.
 

6. 

Which of the following inventions did NOT come out of Edison’s laboratory at Menlo Park?
a.
electric lightbulb
c.
phonograph
b.
telegraph
d.
telegraphic stock ticker
 

7. 

A group of companies that is controlled by a single group of business leaders is an example of
a.
a monopoly.
c.
vertical integration.
b.
a trust.
d.
communism.
 

8. 

Unlike a small business, a corporation
a.
is owned by stockholders.
b.
passes liability for its debts to its stockholders.
c.
depends upon an owner or owners for its existence.
d.
is not publicly owned or traded on the stock market.
 

9. 

Andrew Carnegie earned $1.20 a week on his first job, and when he retired he
a.
was broke.
c.
was the richest man in the world.
b.
lived a lavish lifestyle.
d.
gave away all his money.
 

10. 

Because he was disturbed by the poor conditions of city life, George Pullman
a.
donated $350 million to help build libraries.
b.
encouraged his employees to form a union.
c.
provided his employees with benefits that made him extremely popular with them.
d.
built a planned community next to his factory.
 

11. 

Department stores succeeded because they
a.
sold products through catalogs to people living in rural areas.
b.
bought goods in bulk and therefore could sell them at low prices.
c.
were monopolies.
d.
were chain stores.
 

12. 

Between 1870 and 1890, the number of female workers
a.
remained about the same.
c.
doubled.
b.
decreased.
d.
tripled.
 

13. 

Working conditions during the late 1800s were characterized by
a.
long hours and low wages.
c.
high unemployment.
b.
short hours and high wages.
d.
emphasis on worker safety.
 

14. 

About 70 percent of the new immigrants came from
a.
southern or eastern Europe.
c.
Asia.
b.
northern or western Europe.
d.
Africa.
 

15. 

Many new immigrants came to the United States
a.
to escape prosecution for crimes they committed.
b.
to invest in the new booming economy.
c.
because they believed social programs would provide them with needed medical care and educational opportunities.
d.
to escape poverty and religious and political persecution.
 

16. 

The immigration station at Ellis Island
a.
received immigrants who were mainly from Asia.
b.
automatically accepted almost everyone who applied for admission to the United States.
c.
gave all newcomers a physical exam and turned away those with serious illnesses.
d.
turned away the majority of people hoping to enter the United States.
 

17. 

The greatest number of immigrants entered the United States in
a.
1860.
c.
1880.
b.
1870.
d.
1900.
 

18. 

Between 1865 and 1900, the percentage of Americans living in cities
a.
doubled.
c.
decreased by 50 percent.
b.
tripled.
d.
remained about the same.
 

19. 

Mass transit
a.
made it practical to build skyscrapers.
b.
allowed urban areas to expand far from the central business district.
c.
resulted in a rapid loss of population in the core of cities.
d.
had little effect on where workers lived because few could afford to regularly travel by mass transit.
 

20. 

The first electric trolley, or streetcar, began service in
a.
Richmond, Virginia.
c.
Cleveland, Ohio.
b.
St. Paul, Minnesota.
d.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 

21. 

During the late 1800s, the middle class
a.
deserted the city.
b.
grew rapidly as a result of the growth of new industries.
c.
shrank in numbers while the upper and lower classes expanded sharply.
d.
gave large sums of money to philanthropic organizations.
 

22. 

During the late 1800s, the working poor
a.
received increasingly good wages.
b.
lived principally in the suburbs where rent was lower.
c.
benefited from a building boom that resulted in an excess of housing and lower costs for rent.
d.
lived in crowded tenements close to the factories, ports, and stockyards where they worked.
 

23. 

During the last half of the 1800s, educational reform
a.
made large strides toward racially integrating all public schools.
b.
was limited by small increases in funding for education.
c.
included instruction in behavior, civic loyalty, and American cultural values.
d.
reached only the children of the middle and upper classes.
 

24. 

Between 1865 and 1910, the numbers of newspapers in the United States
a.
increased slowly.
c.
tripled.
b.
doubled.
d.
increased by more than five times.
 

25. 

James Naismith invented the game of
a.
baseball.
c.
football.
b.
basketball.
d.
croquet.
 

26. 

The main strength of political machines resided with
a.
the political bosses.
b.
the precinct captains.
c.
wealthy contributors who dictated party objectives.
d.
state governors and legislators.
 

27. 

Political bosses and precinct captains
a.
often formed personal relationships with constituents.
b.
used threats and strong-arm techniques to keep control over constituents.
c.
were generally honest men who sought to serve the public interests.
d.
seldom sought out the support of immigrants.
 

28. 

Some political bosses
a.
became less corrupt when they were elected to official positions.
b.
supported efforts to clean up local politics.
c.
believed making a profit through their political position was justifiable.
d.
left office poorer than when they were elected.
 

29. 

Thomas Nast
a.
was extremely popular, but his success failed to influence the popularity of political cartoons in general.
b.
refused to use caricature as a means of attacking political leaders whom he opposed.
c.
staunchly supported William Tweed with his cartoons.
d.
popularized the Republican elephant and the Democratic donkey.
 

30. 

The Gilded Age was a novel written by
a.
Mark Twain and Roscoe Conkling.
b.
James G. Blaine and Julius Bing.
c.
Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner.
d.
Thomas Nast and Mary Cassatt.
 

31. 

The only U.S. president to serve two nonconsecutive terms was
a.
Grover Cleveland.
c.
Chester A. Arthur.
b.
Rutherford B. Hayes.
d.
Ulysses S. Grant.
 

32. 

Chester A. Arthur was succeeded by
a.
Rutherford B. Hayes.
c.
Grover Cleveland.
b.
James Blaine.
d.
William McKinley.
 

33. 

Grover Cleveland was determined to
a.
promote political reform.
b.
prevent additional reform legislation.
c.
unify the Republican Party, which had been divided by the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds.
d.
repeal the Pendleton Civil Service Act.
 

34. 

When Benjamin Harrison won the presidency in 1888, he
a.
spearheaded the repeal of the Pendleton Civil Service Act.
b.
broke with his party and supported additional political reform.
c.
doubled the list of federal jobs covered by the civil service list.
d.
allowed Republicans to fill almost every federal job not covered by the civil service list with members of their party.
 

35. 

The Republican-controlled Congress of 1890
a.
sharply reduced spending on Civil War pensions for Union veterans.
b.
became known as the Billion Dollar Congress.
c.
repealed the Pendleton Civil Service Act.
d.
almost eliminated spending on the pet projects of individual senators and representatives.
 

36. 

When state governments passed Granger laws,
a.
farmers complained that railroad freight rates were already higher for short routes than for long ones.
b.
many farmers had to sell their farms and become farm laborers.
c.
railroads protested that only the federal government, not states, could regulate railroads.
d.
bankers protested that the states could not regulate interest rates on farm loans.
 

37. 

Farmers wanted the government to back paper money with silver because it would put more money in circulation, thereby
a.
reducing the value of the dollar and enabling them to pay off debts more easily.
b.
increasing the cost of shipping and grain storage.
c.
increasing the cost of labor.
d.
decreasing the price of crops and animals and enabling them to sell more of them.
 

38. 

The Populist Party
a.
was begun by a coalition of railroad owners, bankers, and other industrialists.
b.
adopted most of the goals of the National Grange and Farmers’ Alliance.
c.
won the presidential election of 1892.
d.
failed to elect a single candidate to a national office.
 

39. 

The Populist Party lost its influence and faded from the national scene because
a.
voters wanted their currency backed by both silver and gold.
b.
voters were tired of corruption in government.
c.
farmers’ economic situations improved and they lost interest in the party.
d.
business leaders withdrew from the party, giving their support instead to William McKinley in the 1896 election.
 

40. 

Progressives sought to
a.
free businesses from unnecessary government restraint.
b.
make government more responsive to people.
c.
allow government leaders more independence from businesses and voters alike.
d.
pass laws increasing competition among businesses.
 

41. 

In 1910, 70 percent of American industrial workers worked an average of
a.
36 hours per week.
c.
65 hours per week.
b.
54 hours per week.
d.
72 hours per week.
 

42. 

Walter Rauschenbusch
a.
argued that most social problems could be solved through science and technology.
b.
was generally disregarded by progressives such as Jane Addams.
c.
was a leader of the Social Gospel movement but opposed many of the views expressed by progressives.
d.
wrote the Social Gospel novel In His Steps.
 

43. 

Muckraking journalism first appeared with the publication of
a.
“Tweed Days in St. Louis.”
b.
“History of the Standard Oil Company.”
c.
The Shame of the Cities.
d.
The Financier.
 

44. 

In the early 1910s almost half of all women who worked in factories and laundries and as store clerks earned
a.
less than $6 a week.
c.
about $25 a week.
b.
about $10 a week.
d.
at least $30 a week.
 

45. 

The first minimum wage law was passed by Congress in
a.
1893.
c.
1912.
b.
1910.
d.
1938.
 

46. 

Most members of labor unions
a.
favored an open shop.
b.
wanted to replace capitalism with an economic system controlled by workers.
c.
wanted to preserve the capitalist system but make changes to it.
d.
believed that much of the social legislation would eventually cost many workers their jobs.
 

47. 

The American Federation of Labor
a.
refused to accept unskilled laborers as members.
b.
worked hard at recruiting African American workers.
c.
urged all American workers to join.
d.
lost membership during the first decade of the 1900s.
 

48. 

Many reformers believed motion pictures
a.
were a threat to morality and should be censored.
b.
represented an opportunity to improve public morality.
c.
were priced out of the reach of the majority of urban workers.
d.
would cause a decline in reading among urban children.
 

49. 

Some progressives
a.
organized the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
b.
believed American Indians should organize to help themselves.
c.
considered discrimination against African Americans the biggest problem facing cities.
d.
expressed open prejudice against African Americans and American Indians.
 

50. 

W. E. B. Du Bois
a.
was the founder of the National Urban League.
b.
edited The Crisis.
c.
was dissatisfied with racial progress, left the country as a young man, and never returned.
d.
grew up in a highly racist environment in Barrington, Massachusetts.
 

51. 

Native Americans and some immigrants
a.
rejected the help of reformers because the reformers did not respect their culture.
b.
welcomed reform groups that wanted to assist them with social problems.
c.
embraced Americanization as a way to avoid discrimination.
d.
quickly advanced into the American middle class and did not need the help of the progressives.
 

52. 

How long did it take for the United States to dig the Panama Canal?
a.
three and one-half years
c.
five years
b.
17 years
d.
nine years
 

53. 

The McKinley Tariff of 1890
a.
required ships to unload their cargo at mainland ports.
b.
ended Hawaii’s favored position in the sugar trade.
c.
built island schools and hospitals.
d.
collected revenue for the Hawaiian royal family.
 

54. 

Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet around the world in order to
a.
open markets to U.S. business.
b.
measure the circumference of the globe.
c.
prepare new navigational maps.
d.
remind the world of U.S. military might.
 

55. 

The eight major Hawaiian Islands were united in about 1800 by
a.
Captain James Cook.
c.
King Kamehameha.
b.
sugar planters.
d.
missionaries and settlers.
 

56. 

The poet and writer José Martí
a.
was exiled twice from Cuba.
b.
plotted to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy.
c.
sailed on the Empress of China into the port of Guangzhou.
d.
supported President Madero of Mexico.
 

57. 

One outcome of the Spanish-American War was that
a.
the United States occupied the city of Veracruz.
b.
the United States gained control of Western Somoa.
c.
Spain ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States.
d.
Grover Cleveland withdrew the treaty and ordered an investigation.
 

58. 

The United States became an imperial power
a.
when the United States built the Panama Canal.
b.
when the United States gained overseas territory.
c.
when U.S. marines invaded the Dominican Republic.
d.
when U.S. bankers made loans of $1.5 million to Nicaragua.
 

59. 

The traders, settlers, and missionaries who came to Hawaii in the 1800s
a.
brought diseases that reduced the population by one half.
b.
came looking for a good place for a U.S. colony.
c.
wanted to protect the land against development.
d.
stopped for rest on their way to Guam.
 

60. 

When Roosevelt told the world that he would support the Monroe Doctrine, he meant
a.
he would not allow European trade with Latin America.
b.
he would substitute economic assistance for force in dealing with Latin America.
c.
he would use U.S. forces to protect American interests in the Western Hemisphere.
d.
he would allow all nations to use the Panama Canal.
 

Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
 
 
Choose from the following list to complete each of the statements below.

transcontinental railroad
automobile
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Edwin L. Drake
capitalism
George Pullman
George Westinghouse
corporation
Sherman Antitrust Act
Kitty Hawk
Knights of Labor
yellow-dog contract
Lewis Latimer
monopoly
American Federation of Labor
typewriter
Andrew Carnegie
Casey Jones
horizontal integration
mass marketing
 

61. 

The country’s first ______________________________, which was completed in 1869, ran from Omaha, Nebraska, to the Pacific Ocean.
 

 

62. 

A(n) ____________________ is owned by shareholders who buy shares of stock in the business.
 

 

63. 

_________________________ was a pioneer of the railroad industry who eventually controlled more than 4,500 miles of railroad track.
 

 

64. 

John D. Rockefeller expanded his business using ______________________________ in which he attempted to control other businesses that were refining oil.
 

 

65. 

In 1865 Uriah Stephens helped found the _________________________, one of the more successful early national unions.
 

 

66. 

Many employers required new employees to sign a(n) ______________________________ in which they promised not to join a union.
 

 

67. 

__________________________ manufactured sleeping cars, dining cars, and luxurious cars that made long-distance travel by rail comfortable for passengers.
 

 

68. 

When a company holds a(n) ____________________, it so completely dominates its industry that it has almost complete control over the price and quality of products.
 

 

69. 

Orville Wright piloted the first working airplane on a flight that lasted 12 seconds at ____________________, North Carolina, in 1903.
 

 

70. 

_________________________ made his fortune in the steel industry and later gave away millions to establish public libraries in communities across the country.
 

 

71. 

A train engineer killed when his locomotive ran into a freight train, ____________________ was immortalized in a ballad.
 

 

72. 

Manufacturers used brand names, packaging, advertising, and other forms of _________________________ to sell their products.
 

 

73. 

The economic system of ____________________ calls for private businesses to run most industries.
 

 
 
Choose from the following list to complete each of the statements below.

political machines
political bosses
graft
James Pendergast
Thomas Nast
Gilded Age
Stalwarts
Pendleton Civil Service Act
mugwumps
James A. Garfield
Benjamin Harrison
National Grange
cooperatives
Interstate Commerce Act
gold standard
Populist Party
James B. Weaver
William Jennings Bryan
 

74. 

_________________________ exercised great control over the local political parties.
 

 

75. 

The first major farmers’ organization was the _________________________.
 

 

76. 

_________________________, Kansas City’s powerful political boss, was well liked by most of his constituents.
 

 

77. 

Many farmers formed ____________________ so they could buy machinery at wholesale and sell their produce directly to big-city markets.
 

 

78. 

The latter half of the 1800s was called the ____________________ because corruption and greed lurked just below the polite and prosperous luster of society.
 

 

79. 

Political parties that were especially successful in getting their candidates elected to local political offices were called _________________________.
 

 

80. 

When the _________________________ was adopted, every dollar in circulation could be exchanged for a set amount of gold.
 

 

81. 

Reformers within the Republican Party who abandoned the party’s candidate for president and instead supported the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland, were called ____________________.
 

 

82. 

Many political bosses became wealthy and powerful through ____________________.
 

 

83. 

Harper’s Weekly claimed that the cartoons of _________________________ increased the magazine’s subscriptions by 200,000.
 

 

Matching
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement.
a.
Bessemer process
j.
vertical integration
b.
patent
k.
Horatio Alger Jr.
c.
telegraph
l.
John D. Rockefeller
d.
Elijah McCoy
m.
George Pullman
e.
trunk lines
n.
Great Upheaval
f.
Alexander Graham Bell
o.
Haymarket Riot
g.
communism
p.
anarchists
h.
social Darwinism
q.
Mary Harris Jones
i.
monopoly
r.
Eugene V. Debs
 

84. 

one of the founders of Standard Oil Company
 

85. 

inventor who developed a lubricating cup that fed oil to a machine while it was running
 

86. 

a philosophy developed by Karl Marx that proposes that individuals should not own property
 

87. 

a union organizer for the Knights of Labor who was called “the most dangerous woman in America”
 

88. 

an idea proposed by Herbert Spencer that suggests that society progresses through natural competition in which the fittest people rise to positions of wealth and power while the unfit fail
 

89. 

a method of making steel from iron using a blast of hot air
 

90. 

term for the intense strikes and violent labor confrontations of 1886
 

91. 

inventor of the telephone
 

92. 

a violent labor confrontation in Chicago that began when a bomb was exploded among police officers, killing a number of them
 

93. 

a means of communicating over wires by using electricity to send a series of dots and dashes
 

94. 

people who oppose all forms of government
 

95. 

head of the American Railway Union who supported the Pullman strikers
 

96. 

a guarantee to protect an inventor’s rights to make, use, or sell an invention
 

97. 

major railroads
 

98. 

a writer who told rags-to-riches stories that promoted the worth of the individual
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement.
a.
new immigrants
k.
settlement houses
b.
steerage
l.
Elisha Otis
c.
benevolent societies
m.
Jane Addams
d.
Scott Joplin
n.
compulsory education laws
e.
Chinese Exclusion Act
o.
City Beautiful movement
f.
Immigration Restriction League
p.
ragtime
g.
Denis Kearney
q.
John Dewey
h.
skyscrapers
r.
Walter Camp
i.
mass transit
s.
James Naismith
j.
nouveau riche
 

99. 

a second wave of immigrants to the United States that arrived between 1891 and 1910
 

100. 

developed the mechanized elevator to transport people between floors in multistoried buildings
 

101. 

state laws that required parents to send their children to school
 

102. 

a French term meaning “newly rich”
 

103. 

the poorest accommodations on a steamship
 

104. 

a woman who was at the forefront of the settlement-house movement
 

105. 

community service centers that were established in poor neighborhoods to provide educational opportunities, training, and cultural events for neighborhood residents
 

106. 

an educational reformer who emphasized “learning by doing”
 

107. 

the leader of the Workingmen’s Party of California who strongly objected to Chinese immigration to the United States
 

108. 

a movement that stressed the need to include parks and attractive boulevards in the design of cities
 

109. 

large, multistory buildings
 

110. 

public transportation, such as electric commuter trains, subways, and trolley cars
 

111. 

religious and nonreligious aid organizations created to aid immigrants in cases of sickness, unemployment, and death
 

112. 

an organization that sought to limit immigration by imposing a literacy test on all immigrants
 

113. 

the King of Ragtime
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement.
a.
progressivism
b.
McClure’s
c.
muckrakers
d.
Lincoln Steffens
e.
Ray Stannard Baker
f.
Herbert Croly
g.
freedom of contract
h.
Muller v. Oregon
i.
closed shop
j.
open shop
k.
Samuel Gompers
l.
Florence Kelley
m.
prohibition
n.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
o.
Daniel Burnham
p.
Billy Sunday
q.
Frances Willard
r.
W. E. B. Du Bois
 

114. 

a term used by the Supreme Court to describe workers’ right to determine the terms of their employment
 

115. 

a journalist who wrote one of the first articles that popularized the muckraking style of journalism
 

116. 

influential African American leader
 

117. 

organization dedicated to ending racial discrimination
 

118. 

a magazine that published articles by muckrakers
 

119. 

leader of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union who built it into a strong national force
 

120. 

a writer who published Following the Color Line, a book about a lynching
 

121. 

a ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
 

122. 

a reform movement that focused on urban problems
 

123. 

an ex-ballplayer who became a Presbyterian minister and supported prohibition
 

124. 

a workplace where all employees are required to belong to a union
 

125. 

a workplace where employees may choose whether or not to belong to a union
 

126. 

leader of the American Federation of Labor
 

127. 

a leading architect and city planner of the early 1900s
 

128. 

a 1908 Supreme Court ruling that upheld a law limiting the numbers of hours women could work in a day
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement.
a.
dollar diplomacy
n.
Platt Amendment
b.
Liliuokalani
o.
Hawaiian League
c.
Boxer Rebellion
p.
William Randolph Hearst
d.
Puerto Rico
q.
imperialism
e.
Woodrow Wilson
r.
Philippe Bunau-Varilla
f.
John Hay
s.
Rough Riders
g.
Philippine Government Act
t.
Panama
h.
Emilio Aguinaldo
u.
Teller Amendment
i.
Spanish-American War
v.
General Valeriano Weyler
j.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
w.
Captain James Cook
k.
China
x.
yellow fever
l.
spheres of influence
y.
José Martí
m.
Commodore George Dewey
z.
Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
 

129. 

gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone
 

130. 

regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over the mines, railroads, and trade in another country’s territory
 

131. 

the cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the fighting in Cuba
 

132. 

engineer in charge of building the canal through Panama for the French
 

133. 

called for an Open Door Policy in China
 

134. 

the name of the policy that replaced European loans with U.S. loans in Latin America
 

135. 

sought to overthrow the monarch and persuade the United States to annex Hawaii
 

136. 

made Cuba a U.S. protectorate
 

137. 

the attack on Western missionaries and traders in northern China
 

138. 

an outbreak of this stalled the building of the Panama Canal
 

139. 

the quest for colonial empires
 

140. 

poet who fought for Cuban independence
 

Essay
 

141. 

Discuss how the Second Industrial Revolution can be interpreted as a demonstration of social Darwinism.
 

142. 

How did the Second Industrial Revolution affect the lives of average Americans? Were their lives better or worse as a result?
 

143. 

How does ragtime symbolize the many changes that were sweeping society during the latter half of the 1800s? Give examples.
 

144. 

How did the technological advances of the latter half of the 1800s revolutionize life for all Americans?
 

145. 

In order for political parties to achieve prominence nationally and to elect a president, they must address issues that interest a broad group of people, not just those in one region of the country or of a particular social or economic group. Explain how this theory is demonstrated by the events related in this chapter.
 

146. 

What was the impact of the National Grange and the Farmers’ Alliance on American society? What did they accomplish?
 

147. 

How did reform movements set the direction for changes in society? Did reform movements lay the groundwork for constitutional changes? Give examples to support your response.
 

148. 

Many reformers believed that a democracy has a responsibility to protect and assist the poorest and weakest of its citizens. They also wanted to preserve the capitalist economic system. Did they manage to meet both objectives? Explain your response.
 

149. 

Why did the United States support Mexican revolutionaries but oppose Filipino revolutionaries?
 

150. 

How did the Latin American policies of Taft and Wilson differ?
 



 
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