Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Following the development of the Bessemer process, the cities of Gary, Indiana;
Cleveland, Ohio; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, became centers for a. | oil
refining. | c. | steel
manufacturing. | b. | coal production. | d. | the car industry. | | | | |
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2.
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The
first successful oil well was drilled in a. | Menlo Park, New Jersey. | c. | Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. | b. | Gary,
Indiana. | d. | Titusville,
Pennsylvania. | | | | |
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3.
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Prior
to the Civil War, railroads in the United States averaged about a. | 10 miles in
length. | c. | 1,000 miles in
length. | b. | 100 miles in length. | d. | 4,500 miles in length. | | | | |
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4.
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The
adoption of a standard gauge for railway tracks improved rail transportation by a. | making it
unnecessary for passengers and freight to be transferred from train to train each time they reached a
different line. | b. | enabling trains to travel at faster
speeds. | c. | enabling trains to carry larger
loads. | d. | reducing the number of feeder lines necessary to reach towns
located off the trunk lines. | | |
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5.
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Development of a practical automobile was speeded along by innovations
in a. | compressed-air
brakes. | c. | oil
refining. | b. | steam power. | d. | electricity. | | | | |
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6.
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Which
of the following inventions did NOT come out of Edisons laboratory at Menlo
Park? a. | electric
lightbulb | c. | phonograph | b. | telegraph | d. | telegraphic stock ticker | | | | |
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7.
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A
group of companies that is controlled by a single group of business leaders is an example
of a. | a
monopoly. | c. | vertical
integration. | b. | a trust. | d. | communism. | | | | |
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8.
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Unlike a small business, a corporation a. | is owned by
stockholders. | b. | passes liability for its debts to its
stockholders. | c. | depends upon an owner or owners for its
existence. | d. | is not publicly owned or traded on the stock
market. | | |
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9.
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Andrew Carnegie earned $1.20 a week on his first job, and when he retired
he a. | was
broke. | c. | was the richest
man in the world. | b. | lived a lavish lifestyle. | d. | gave away all his money. | | | | |
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10.
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Because he was disturbed by the poor conditions of city life, George
Pullman a. | donated $350
million to help build libraries. | b. | encouraged his employees to form a
union. | c. | provided his employees with benefits that made him extremely
popular with them. | d. | built a planned community next to his
factory. | | |
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11.
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Department stores succeeded because they a. | sold products
through catalogs to people living in rural areas. | b. | bought goods in
bulk and therefore could sell them at low prices. | c. | were
monopolies. | d. | were chain stores. | | |
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12.
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Between 1870 and 1890, the number of female workers a. | remained about
the same. | c. | doubled. | b. | decreased. | d. | tripled. | | | | |
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13.
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Working conditions during the late 1800s were characterized by a. | long hours and
low wages. | c. | high
unemployment. | b. | short hours and high wages. | d. | emphasis on worker safety. | | | | |
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14.
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About
70 percent of the new immigrants came from a. | southern or eastern Europe. | c. | Asia. | b. | northern or
western Europe. | d. | Africa. | | | | |
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15.
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Many
new immigrants came to the United States a. | to escape prosecution for crimes they
committed. | b. | to invest in the new booming economy. | c. | because they
believed social programs would provide them with needed medical care and educational
opportunities. | d. | to escape poverty and religious and political
persecution. | | |
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16.
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The
immigration station at Ellis Island a. | received immigrants who were mainly from
Asia. | b. | automatically accepted almost everyone who applied for
admission to the United States. | c. | gave all newcomers a physical exam and turned away those with
serious illnesses. | d. | turned away the majority of people hoping to enter the United
States. | | |
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17.
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The
greatest number of immigrants entered the United States in a. | 1860. | c. | 1880. | b. | 1870. | d. | 1900. | | | | |
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18.
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Between 1865 and 1900, the percentage of Americans living in cities a. | doubled. | c. | decreased by 50
percent. | b. | tripled. | d. | remained about the same. | | | | |
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19.
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Mass
transit a. | made it
practical to build skyscrapers. | b. | allowed urban areas to expand far from the central business
district. | c. | resulted in a rapid loss of population in the core of
cities. | d. | had little effect on where workers lived because few could
afford to regularly travel by mass transit. | | |
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20.
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The
first electric trolley, or streetcar, began service in a. | Richmond,
Virginia. | c. | Cleveland,
Ohio. | b. | St. Paul, Minnesota. | d. | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | | | | |
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21.
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During the late 1800s, the middle class a. | deserted the
city. | b. | grew rapidly as a result of the growth of new
industries. | c. | shrank in numbers while the upper and lower classes expanded
sharply. | d. | gave large sums of money to philanthropic
organizations. | | |
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22.
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During the late 1800s, the working poor a. | received
increasingly good wages. | b. | lived principally in the suburbs where rent was
lower. | c. | benefited from a building boom that resulted in an excess of
housing and lower costs for rent. | d. | lived in crowded tenements close to the factories, ports, and
stockyards where they worked. | | |
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23.
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During the last half of the 1800s, educational reform a. | made large
strides toward racially integrating all public schools. | b. | was limited by
small increases in funding for education. | c. | included instruction in behavior, civic loyalty, and American
cultural values. | d. | reached only the children of the middle and upper
classes. | | |
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24.
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Between 1865 and 1910, the numbers of newspapers in the United States a. | increased
slowly. | c. | tripled. | b. | doubled. | d. | increased by more than five times. | | | | |
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25.
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James
Naismith invented the game of a. | baseball. | c. | football. | b. | basketball. | d. | croquet. | | | | |
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26.
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The
main strength of political machines resided with a. | the political bosses. | b. | the precinct
captains. | c. | wealthy contributors who dictated party
objectives. | d. | state governors and legislators. | | |
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27.
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Political bosses and precinct captains a. | often formed
personal relationships with constituents. | b. | used threats and strong-arm techniques to keep control over
constituents. | c. | were generally honest men who sought to serve the public
interests. | d. | seldom sought out the support of
immigrants. | | |
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28.
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Some
political bosses a. | became less
corrupt when they were elected to official positions. | b. | supported
efforts to clean up local politics. | c. | believed making a profit through their political position was
justifiable. | d. | left office poorer than when they were
elected. | | |
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29.
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Thomas Nast a. | was extremely popular, but his success failed to influence the
popularity of political cartoons in general. | b. | refused to use
caricature as a means of attacking political leaders whom he opposed. | c. | staunchly
supported William Tweed with his cartoons. | d. | popularized the Republican elephant and the Democratic
donkey. | | |
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30.
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The Gilded Age was a novel written by a. | Mark Twain and
Roscoe Conkling. | b. | James G. Blaine and Julius Bing. | c. | Mark Twain and
Charles Dudley Warner. | d. | Thomas Nast and Mary Cassatt. | | |
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31.
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The
only U.S. president to serve two nonconsecutive terms was a. | Grover
Cleveland. | c. | Chester A.
Arthur. | b. | Rutherford B. Hayes. | d. | Ulysses S. Grant. | | | | |
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32.
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Chester A. Arthur was succeeded by a. | Rutherford B. Hayes. | c. | Grover Cleveland. | b. | James
Blaine. | d. | William
McKinley. | | | | |
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33.
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Grover Cleveland was determined to a. | promote political reform. | b. | prevent
additional reform legislation. | c. | unify the Republican Party, which had been divided by the
Stalwarts and Half-Breeds. | d. | repeal the Pendleton Civil Service
Act. | | |
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34.
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When
Benjamin Harrison won the presidency in 1888, he a. | spearheaded the repeal of the Pendleton Civil Service
Act. | b. | broke with his
party and supported additional political reform. | c. | doubled the list
of federal jobs covered by the civil service list. | d. | allowed
Republicans to fill almost every federal job not covered by the civil service list with members of
their party. | | |
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35.
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The
Republican-controlled Congress of 1890 a. | sharply reduced spending on Civil War pensions for Union
veterans. | b. | became known as the Billion Dollar
Congress. | c. | repealed the Pendleton Civil Service
Act. | d. | almost
eliminated spending on the pet projects of individual senators and
representatives. | | |
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36.
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When
state governments passed Granger laws, a. | farmers complained that railroad freight rates were already
higher for short routes than for long ones. | b. | many farmers had
to sell their farms and become farm laborers. | c. | railroads
protested that only the federal government, not states, could regulate
railroads. | d. | bankers protested that the states could not regulate interest
rates on farm loans. | | |
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37.
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Farmers wanted the government to back paper money with silver because it would put
more money in circulation, thereby a. | reducing the value of the dollar and enabling them to pay off
debts more easily. | b. | increasing the cost of shipping and grain
storage. | c. | increasing the cost of labor. | d. | decreasing the
price of crops and animals and enabling them to sell more of them. | | |
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38.
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The
Populist Party a. | was begun by a
coalition of railroad owners, bankers, and other industrialists. | b. | adopted most of
the goals of the National Grange and Farmers Alliance. | c. | won the
presidential election of 1892. | d. | failed to elect a single candidate to a national
office. | | |
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39.
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The
Populist Party lost its influence and faded from the national scene because a. | voters wanted
their currency backed by both silver and gold. | b. | voters were
tired of corruption in government. | c. | farmers economic situations improved and they lost
interest in the party. | d. | business leaders withdrew from the party, giving their support
instead to William McKinley in the 1896 election. | | |
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40.
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Progressives sought to a. | free businesses from unnecessary government
restraint. | b. | make government more responsive to
people. | c. | allow government leaders more independence from businesses and
voters alike. | d. | pass laws increasing competition among
businesses. | | |
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41.
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In
1910, 70 percent of American industrial workers worked an average of a. | 36 hours per
week. | c. | 65 hours per
week. | b. | 54 hours per week. | d. | 72 hours per week. | | | | |
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42.
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Walter Rauschenbusch a. | argued that most social problems could be solved through
science and technology. | b. | was generally disregarded by progressives such as Jane
Addams. | c. | was a leader of the Social Gospel movement but opposed many of
the views expressed by progressives. | d. | wrote the Social Gospel novel In His
Steps. | | |
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43.
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Muckraking journalism first appeared with the publication of a. | Tweed Days
in St. Louis. | b. | History of the Standard Oil
Company. | c. | The Shame of the Cities. | d. | The
Financier. | | |
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44.
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In
the early 1910s almost half of all women who worked in factories and laundries and as store clerks
earned a. | less than $6 a
week. | c. | about $25 a
week. | b. | about $10 a week. | d. | at least $30 a week. | | | | |
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45.
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The
first minimum wage law was passed by Congress in a. | 1893. | c. | 1912. | b. | 1910. | d. | 1938. | | | | |
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46.
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Most
members of labor unions a. | favored an open shop. | b. | wanted to
replace capitalism with an economic system controlled by workers. | c. | wanted to
preserve the capitalist system but make changes to it. | d. | believed that
much of the social legislation would eventually cost many workers their
jobs. | | |
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47.
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The
American Federation of Labor a. | refused to accept unskilled laborers as
members. | b. | worked hard at recruiting African American
workers. | c. | urged all American workers to join. | d. | lost membership
during the first decade of the 1900s. | | |
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48.
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Many
reformers believed motion pictures a. | were a threat to morality and should be
censored. | b. | represented an opportunity to improve public
morality. | c. | were priced out of the reach of the majority of urban
workers. | d. | would cause a decline in reading among urban
children. | | |
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49.
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Some
progressives a. | organized the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. | b. | believed
American Indians should organize to help themselves. | c. | considered
discrimination against African Americans the biggest problem facing cities. | d. | expressed open
prejudice against African Americans and American Indians. | | |
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50.
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W. E.
B. Du Bois a. | was the founder
of the National Urban League. | b. | edited The Crisis. | c. | was dissatisfied
with racial progress, left the country as a young man, and never returned. | d. | grew up in a
highly racist environment in Barrington, Massachusetts. | | |
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51.
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Native Americans and some immigrants a. | rejected the
help of reformers because the reformers did not respect their culture. | b. | welcomed reform
groups that wanted to assist them with social problems. | c. | embraced
Americanization as a way to avoid discrimination. | d. | quickly advanced
into the American middle class and did not need the help of the
progressives. | | |
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52.
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How
long did it take for the United States to dig the Panama Canal? a. | three and
one-half years | c. | five
years | b. | 17 years | d. | nine years | | | | |
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53.
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The
McKinley Tariff of 1890 a. | required ships to unload their cargo at mainland
ports. | b. | ended Hawaiis favored position in the sugar
trade. | c. | built island schools and hospitals. | d. | collected
revenue for the Hawaiian royal family. | | |
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54.
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Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet around the world in order to a. | open markets to
U.S. business. | b. | measure the circumference of the
globe. | c. | prepare new navigational maps. | d. | remind the world
of U.S. military might. | | |
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55.
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The
eight major Hawaiian Islands were united in about 1800 by a. | Captain James
Cook. | c. | King
Kamehameha. | b. | sugar planters. | d. | missionaries and settlers. | | | | |
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56.
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The
poet and writer José Martí a. | was exiled twice from Cuba. | b. | plotted to
overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy. | c. | sailed on the Empress of China into the port of
Guangzhou. | d. | supported President Madero of Mexico. | | |
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57.
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One
outcome of the Spanish-American War was that a. | the United States occupied the city of
Veracruz. | b. | the United States gained control of Western
Somoa. | c. | Spain ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United
States. | d. | Grover Cleveland withdrew the treaty and ordered an
investigation. | | |
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58.
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The
United States became an imperial power a. | when the United States built the Panama
Canal. | b. | when the United States gained overseas
territory. | c. | when U.S. marines invaded the Dominican
Republic. | d. | when U.S. bankers made loans of $1.5 million to
Nicaragua. | | |
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59.
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The
traders, settlers, and missionaries who came to Hawaii in the 1800s a. | brought diseases
that reduced the population by one half. | b. | came looking for a good place for a U.S.
colony. | c. | wanted to protect the land against
development. | d. | stopped for rest on their way to
Guam. | | |
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60.
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When
Roosevelt told the world that he would support the Monroe Doctrine, he meant a. | he would not
allow European trade with Latin America. | b. | he would substitute economic assistance for force in dealing
with Latin America. | c. | he would use U.S. forces to protect American interests in the
Western Hemisphere. | d. | he would allow all nations to use the Panama
Canal. | | |
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Completion
Complete each sentence or
statement.
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Choose from the following list to complete each of the statements
below.
transcontinental
railroad
automobile
Cornelius
Vanderbilt
Edwin L. Drake
capitalism
George Pullman
George
Westinghouse | corporation
Sherman
Antitrust Act
Kitty Hawk
Knights of
Labor
yellow-dog contract
Lewis
Latimer
monopoly | American
Federation of Labor
typewriter
Andrew
Carnegie
Casey Jones
horizontal
integration
mass marketing | | | |
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61.
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The
countrys first ______________________________, which was completed in 1869, ran from Omaha,
Nebraska, to the Pacific Ocean.
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62.
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A(n)
____________________ is owned by shareholders who buy shares of stock in the business.
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63.
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_________________________ was a pioneer of the railroad industry who eventually
controlled more than 4,500 miles of railroad track.
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64.
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John
D. Rockefeller expanded his business using ______________________________ in which he attempted to
control other businesses that were refining oil.
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65.
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In
1865 Uriah Stephens helped found the _________________________, one of the more successful early
national unions.
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66.
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Many
employers required new employees to sign a(n) ______________________________ in which they promised
not to join a union.
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67.
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__________________________ manufactured sleeping cars, dining cars, and luxurious cars
that made long-distance travel by rail comfortable for passengers.
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68.
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When
a company holds a(n) ____________________, it so completely dominates its industry that it has almost
complete control over the price and quality of products.
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69.
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Orville Wright piloted the first working airplane on a flight that lasted 12 seconds
at ____________________, North Carolina, in 1903.
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70.
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_________________________ made his fortune in the steel industry and later gave away
millions to establish public libraries in communities across the country.
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71.
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A
train engineer killed when his locomotive ran into a freight train, ____________________ was
immortalized in a ballad.
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72.
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Manufacturers used brand names, packaging, advertising, and other forms of
_________________________ to sell their products.
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73.
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The
economic system of ____________________ calls for private businesses to run most
industries.
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Choose from the following list to complete each of the statements
below.
political
machines
political bosses
graft
James Pendergast
Thomas
Nast
Gilded Age | Stalwarts
Pendleton Civil
Service Act
mugwumps
James A.
Garfield
Benjamin Harrison
National
Grange | cooperatives
Interstate
Commerce Act
gold standard
Populist
Party
James B. Weaver
William Jennings
Bryan | | | |
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74.
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_________________________ exercised great control over the local political
parties.
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75.
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The
first major farmers organization was the _________________________.
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76.
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_________________________, Kansas Citys powerful political boss, was well liked
by most of his constituents.
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77.
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Many
farmers formed ____________________ so they could buy machinery at wholesale and sell their produce
directly to big-city markets.
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78.
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The
latter half of the 1800s was called the ____________________ because corruption and greed lurked just
below the polite and prosperous luster of society.
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79.
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Political parties that were especially successful in getting their candidates elected
to local political offices were called _________________________.
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80.
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When
the _________________________ was adopted, every dollar in circulation could be exchanged for a set
amount of gold.
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81.
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Reformers within the Republican Party who abandoned the partys candidate for
president and instead supported the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland, were called
____________________.
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82.
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Many
political bosses became wealthy and powerful through ____________________.
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83.
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Harpers Weekly claimed that the cartoons of _________________________
increased the magazines subscriptions by 200,000.
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Matching
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Match each item with the correct statement. a. | Bessemer
process | j. | vertical
integration | b. | patent | k. | Horatio Alger Jr. | c. | telegraph | l. | John D.
Rockefeller | d. | Elijah McCoy | m. | George Pullman | e. | trunk
lines | n. | Great
Upheaval | f. | Alexander Graham Bell | o. | Haymarket Riot | g. | communism | p. | anarchists | h. | social Darwinism | q. | Mary Harris Jones | i. | monopoly | r. | Eugene V.
Debs | | | | |
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84.
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one
of the founders of Standard Oil Company
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85.
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inventor who developed a lubricating cup that fed oil to a machine while it was
running
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86.
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a
philosophy developed by Karl Marx that proposes that individuals should not own
property
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87.
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a
union organizer for the Knights of Labor who was called the most dangerous woman in
America
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88.
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an
idea proposed by Herbert Spencer that suggests that society progresses through natural competition in
which the fittest people rise to positions of wealth and power while the unfit fail
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89.
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a
method of making steel from iron using a blast of hot air
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90.
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term
for the intense strikes and violent labor confrontations of 1886
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91.
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inventor of the telephone
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92.
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a
violent labor confrontation in Chicago that began when a bomb was exploded among police officers,
killing a number of them
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93.
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a
means of communicating over wires by using electricity to send a series of dots and
dashes
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94.
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people who oppose all forms of government
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95.
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head
of the American Railway Union who supported the Pullman strikers
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96.
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a
guarantee to protect an inventors rights to make, use, or sell an invention
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97.
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major
railroads
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98.
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a
writer who told rags-to-riches stories that promoted the worth of the individual
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Match each item with the correct statement. a. | new
immigrants | k. | settlement
houses | b. | steerage | l. | Elisha Otis | c. | benevolent
societies | m. | Jane
Addams | d. | Scott Joplin | n. | compulsory education laws | e. | Chinese
Exclusion Act | o. | City Beautiful
movement | f. | Immigration Restriction League | p. | ragtime | g. | Denis
Kearney | q. | John
Dewey | h. | skyscrapers | r. | Walter Camp | i. | mass
transit | s. | James
Naismith | j. | nouveau riche | | | | |
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99.
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a
second wave of immigrants to the United States that arrived between 1891 and 1910
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100.
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developed the mechanized elevator to transport people between floors in multistoried
buildings
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101.
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state
laws that required parents to send their children to school
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102.
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a
French term meaning newly rich
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103.
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the
poorest accommodations on a steamship
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104.
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a
woman who was at the forefront of the settlement-house movement
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105.
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community service centers that were established in poor neighborhoods to provide
educational opportunities, training, and cultural events for neighborhood residents
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106.
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an
educational reformer who emphasized learning by doing
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107.
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the
leader of the Workingmens Party of California who strongly objected to Chinese immigration to
the United States
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108.
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a
movement that stressed the need to include parks and attractive boulevards in the design of
cities
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109.
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large, multistory buildings
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110.
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public transportation, such as electric commuter trains, subways, and trolley
cars
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111.
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religious and nonreligious aid organizations created to aid immigrants in cases of
sickness, unemployment, and death
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112.
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an
organization that sought to limit immigration by imposing a literacy test on all
immigrants
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113.
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the
King of Ragtime
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Match each item with the correct statement. a. | progressivism | b. | McClures | c. | muckrakers | d. | Lincoln Steffens | e. | Ray Stannard
Baker | f. | Herbert Croly | g. | freedom of
contract | h. | Muller v. Oregon | i. | closed
shop | j. | open
shop | k. | Samuel
Gompers | l. | Florence Kelley | m. | prohibition | n. | National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People | o. | Daniel Burnham | p. | Billy
Sunday | q. | Frances Willard | r. | W. E. B. Du
Bois | | |
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114.
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a
term used by the Supreme Court to describe workers right to determine the terms of their
employment
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115.
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a
journalist who wrote one of the first articles that popularized the muckraking style of
journalism
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116.
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influential African American leader
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117.
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organization dedicated to ending racial discrimination
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118.
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a
magazine that published articles by muckrakers
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119.
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leader of the Womans Christian Temperance Union who built it into a strong
national force
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120.
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a
writer who published Following the Color Line, a book about a lynching
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121.
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a ban
on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
|
|
122.
|
a
reform movement that focused on urban problems
|
|
123.
|
an
ex-ballplayer who became a Presbyterian minister and supported prohibition
|
|
124.
|
a
workplace where all employees are required to belong to a union
|
|
125.
|
a
workplace where employees may choose whether or not to belong to a union
|
|
126.
|
leader of the American Federation of Labor
|
|
127.
|
a
leading architect and city planner of the early 1900s
|
|
128.
|
a
1908 Supreme Court ruling that upheld a law limiting the numbers of hours women could work in a
day
|
|
|
Match each item with the correct statement. a. | dollar
diplomacy | n. | Platt
Amendment | b. | Liliuokalani | o. | Hawaiian League | c. | Boxer
Rebellion | p. | William Randolph
Hearst | d. | Puerto Rico | q. | imperialism | e. | Woodrow
Wilson | r. | Philippe
Bunau-Varilla | f. | John Hay | s. | Rough Riders | g. | Philippine
Government Act | t. | Panama | h. | Emilio Aguinaldo | u. | Teller Amendment | i. | Spanish-American
War | v. | General
Valeriano Weyler | j. | Alfred Thayer Mahan | w. | Captain James Cook | k. | China | x. | yellow
fever | l. | spheres of influence | y. | José Martí | m. | Commodore George
Dewey | z. | HayBunau-Varilla Treaty | | | | |
|
|
129.
|
gave
the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone
|
|
130.
|
regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over the mines, railroads, and
trade in another countrys territory
|
|
131.
|
the
cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the fighting in Cuba
|
|
132.
|
engineer in charge of building the canal through Panama for the French
|
|
133.
|
called for an Open Door Policy in China
|
|
134.
|
the
name of the policy that replaced European loans with U.S. loans in Latin America
|
|
135.
|
sought to overthrow the monarch and persuade the United States to annex
Hawaii
|
|
136.
|
made
Cuba a U.S. protectorate
|
|
137.
|
the
attack on Western missionaries and traders in northern China
|
|
138.
|
an
outbreak of this stalled the building of the Panama Canal
|
|
139.
|
the
quest for colonial empires
|
|
140.
|
poet
who fought for Cuban independence
|
Essay
|
|
141.
|
Discuss how the Second Industrial Revolution can be interpreted as a demonstration of
social Darwinism.
|
|
142.
|
How
did the Second Industrial Revolution affect the lives of average Americans? Were their lives better
or worse as a result?
|
|
143.
|
How
does ragtime symbolize the many changes that were sweeping society during the latter half of the
1800s? Give examples.
|
|
144.
|
How
did the technological advances of the latter half of the 1800s revolutionize life for all
Americans?
|
|
145.
|
In
order for political parties to achieve prominence nationally and to elect a president, they must
address issues that interest a broad group of people, not just those in one region of the country or
of a particular social or economic group. Explain how this theory is demonstrated by the events
related in this chapter.
|
|
146.
|
What
was the impact of the National Grange and the Farmers Alliance on American society? What did
they accomplish?
|
|
147.
|
How
did reform movements set the direction for changes in society? Did reform movements lay the
groundwork for constitutional changes? Give examples to support your response.
|
|
148.
|
Many
reformers believed that a democracy has a responsibility to protect and assist the poorest and
weakest of its citizens. They also wanted to preserve the capitalist economic system. Did they manage
to meet both objectives? Explain your response.
|
|
149.
|
Why
did the United States support Mexican revolutionaries but oppose Filipino
revolutionaries?
|
|
150.
|
How
did the Latin American policies of Taft and Wilson differ?
|